Lincoln® ER320LR from Lincoln Electric is typically used for welding base metals with similar compositions including alloy 20. Lincoln® ER320LR We use cookies to help our website work more effectively and efficiently, and to align our services and advertisements to your needs. Maksymova, in Advances in Brazing, 2013. Composite filler metals. A radical reduction of the brazing time can be achieved by using so-called composite filler metals. Composite filler metals consist of a filler metal proper and a filling agent, the melting point of which is higher than the brazing temperature. Designation for filler metals which do not fall in an A-Number group). Qualification with A-I shall qualify for A-2 and vice versa. (3) For surfacing, a change in the chemical CH composition of the weld metal (A-Number 2.14.3 Filler Metals (1) A change from one F-Number to any other F-Number or to any filler metal not listed in Annex Ill.
Before any welding activity can commence, the welder and the QC Engineer has to be fully aware of the content of the welding procedure specification, WPS. This document is produced by the welding engineer in order to ensure the quality and correct design output of the weld. The WPS contains information regarding:
- the type of weld to be performed
- Base and filler metals
- Weld position & joint tolerances
- Preheat temperature, Interpass temperature and Post-weld heat treatment (PWHT)
- Electrical characteristics
- Welding technique
- Gas usage
- Electrode information; and
- Voltage, Ampere and travel speed during welding
All sections on the WPS are related to a section in the ASME IX for code reference; for example QW-403 (base metals).
The WPS is always supported by a PQR, Procedure Qualification Record. This document is a quality document that supports the WPS design with an actual welded joint and corresponding material testing records (hardness test, tensile strength, NDT etc.).
Joints (QW-402)
Joint design, use of backing and maximum root gap is defined in this section.
Base metals (QW-403)
This section describes the base metal for which the WPS can be used. All base metals have been assigned a P number which is related to the metals chemical composition, weldability etc (see Table 1). The WPS can be valid for a single metal or a range of metals. This section also describes the metal thicknesses and diameters covered by the WPS. Ferrous metals with specific impact test requirements have been assigned different group numbers within the P numbers.
Base Metal | Welding | Brazing |
Steel and Steel Alloys | P-No. 1 through P-No. 11 incl. P-No. 5A, 5B and 5C | P-No. 101 through P-No. 103 |
Aluminum and Aluminum-base Alloys | P-No.21 through P-No. 25 | P-No. 104 and P-No. 105 |
Copper and Copper-Base Alloys | P-No. 31 through P-No. 35 | P-No. 107 and P-No. 108 |
Nickel and Nickel base Alloys | P-No. 41 through P-No. 47 | P-No. 110 through P-No. 112 |
Titanium and Titanium base Alloys | P-No. 51 through P-No. 53 | P-No. 115 |
Zirconium and zirconium base Alloys Mac os x mountain lion for amd. A faulty external USB hard drive can cause your Hackintosh bootloader to give you EBIOS errors on startup. | P-No. 61 through P-No. 62 | P-No. 117 |
Filler metals (QW-404)
![Classifications Classifications](/uploads/1/1/9/8/119845809/221721359.jpeg)
All information regarding appropriate filler metal use is described in this section; Filler number, Spec number, size limitations, maximum deposit thickness and type of filler.
Position (QW-405)
This section defines if the welding position has any limitations and if the welding should progress in a certain direction (uphill/downhill).
Preheat & Interpass temperature (QW-406)
If preheat is needed to ensure the quality of the weld, it will be defined in this section. In addition, interpass temperature limitations (maximum allowable base metal temperature in between weld passes) and (if needed) preheat maintenance are specified here.
Post Weld heat Treatment (PWHT) (QW-407)
Post weld heat treatment is a post welding heating process used to ensure proper toughness of the weld. It is essential when welding Grade 91, 911, 92 or 122. The temperature and time is defined in this section.
Gas (QW-408)
This section defines the type of shield gas used during welding and the flow rate. The reason for using shield gas is to protect the welding area from atmospheric gases; nitrogen, oxygen or vapour.
Electrical characteristics (QW-409)
Welding electrical characteristics, like volt, ampere, current AC/DC etc. and tungsten electrode and size are defined in this section. Three different current types exists; DCEN which generates deep, narrow penetration where electrode capacity is excellent; DCEP generates a shallow, wide penetration profile where electrode capacity is generally poor; AC (balanced) generates medium penetration with good electrode capacity.
Technique (QW-410)
If limitations/recommendations regarding welding technique exist then it is defined under this section. Stringer is the easiest welding technique, where the rod is dragged along the weld. Weaving involves small movements from side to side between the base metal sides and requires more skills to ensure a good quality weld. This section also defines if a single or multiple welding passes are to be used.
Electrode section (from this example WPS)
As can be seen in Figure 1, the designer (welding engineer) can decide to use different types of welding processes for the different weld passes.
Figure 1: Electrode section describing welding process, electrical characteristics and travel speed.
This section also describes voltage, ampere and travel speed which are all related to the heat input during welding. Slower travel speed increases the heat input and amount of weld filler metal being welded. Higher travel speed decreases the heat input and minimizes filler metal laid in the weld bead. The weld heat input can be calculated as
Heat input [J/mm] = Voltage x Ampere x 60 / travel speed [mm/min]
The amount of heat inserted during welding will affect the material properties of the weld. The limits are designed by the welding engineer for a specific reason and should always be followed.
References
Qualification Standard for Welding and Brazing procedures, Welders, Brazers, and Welding and Brazing operators. ASME IX, July 2010.
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ASME P Number
![Filler Metal F Number Filler Metal F Number](/uploads/1/1/9/8/119845809/980347238.png)
To reduce the number of welding and brazing procedure qualifications required base metals have been assigned P-Numbers by the ASME BPVC. Ferrous metals which have specified impact test requirements have been assigned Group Numbers within P-Numbers.
These assignments have been based on comparable base metal characteristics, such as:
- Composition
- Weldability
- Brazeability
- Mechanical Properties
Indiscriminant substitution of materials in a set of P-Numbers or Group Numbers may lead to problems or potentially failures. Engineering assessment is necessary prior to a change in materials.
Aws Filler Metal F Number
When a base metal with a UNS number Designation is assigned a P-Number, then a base metal listed in a different ASME material specification with the same UNS number shall be considered that P-Number.
The table below is a guide and is for instructive purposes only. Anyone specifying materials or requirements should refer directly to the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code to specify materials.
P-Numbers | Base Metal (Typical or Example) |
1 | Carbon Manganese Steels (four Group Numbers) |
2 | Not Used |
3 | Half Molybdenum or half Chromium, half Molybdenum (three Group Numbers) |
4 | One and a quarter Chromium, half Molybdenum (two Group Numbers) |
5A | Two and a quarter Chromium, one Molybdenum |
5B | Five Chromium, half Molybdenum or nine Chromium, one Molybdenum (two Group Numbers) |
5C | Chromium, Molybdenum, Vanadium (five Group Numbers) |
6 | Martensitic Stainless Steels (Grade 410, 415, 429) (six Group Numbers) |
7 | Ferritic Stainless Steels (Grade 409, 430) |
8 | Austenitic Stainless Steels · Group 1 – Grades 304, 316, 317, 347 · Group 2 – Grades 309, 310 · Group 3 – High Manganese Grades · Group 4 – High Molybdenum Grades |
9A, B, C | Two to four Nickel Steels |
10A, B, C, F | Various low alloy steels |
10H | Duplex and Super Duplex Stainless Steel (Grades 31803, 32750) |
10I | High Chromium Stainless Steel |
10J | High Chromium, Molybdenum Stainless Steel |
10K | High Chromium, Molybdenum, Nickel Stainless Steel |
11A | Various high strength low alloy steels (six Group Numbers) |
11B | Various high strength low alloy steels (ten Group Numbers) |
12 to 20 | Not Used |
21 | High Aluminum content (1000 and 3000 series) |
22 | Aluminum (5000 series – 5052, 5454) |
23 | Aluminum (6000 series – 6061, 6063) |
24 | Not Used |
25 | Aluminum (5000 series – 5083, 5086, 5456) |
26 to 30 | Not used |
31 | High Copper content |
32 | Brass |
33 | Copper Silicone |
34 | Copper Nickel |
35 | Copper Aluminum |
36 to 40 | Not Used |
41 | High Nickel content |
42 | Nickel, Copper – (Monel 500) |
43 | Nickel, Chromium, Iron – (Inconel) |
44 | Nickel, Molybdenum – (Hastelloy B2, C22, C276, X) |
45 | Nickel, Chromium |
46 | Nickel, Chromium, Silicone |
47 | Nickel, Chromium, Tungsten |
47 to 50 | Not Used |
51, 52, 53 | Titanium Alloys |
61, 62 | Zirconium Alloys |
ASME F Number
Aws Filler Metal F Numbers
The F-number grouping of electrode and welding rod in QW-432 is based essentially on their usability characteristics, which fundamentally determine the ability of welders to make satisfactory welds with a given filler metal. This grouping is made to reduce the number of welding procedure and performance qualifications, where this can logically be done. The grouping does not imply that base metals or filler metals within a group may be indiscriminately substituted for a metal which was used in the qualification test without consideration of the compatibility of the base and filler metal from the standpoint of metallurgical properties, PWHT design and service requirements, and mechanical properties.
F Number | General Description |
1 | Heavy rutile coated iron powder electrodes :- A5.1 : E7024 |
2 | Most Rutile consumables such as :- A5.1 : E6013 |
3 | Cellulosic electrodes such as :- A5.1 : E6011 |
4 | Basic coated electrodes such as : A5.1 : E7016 and E7018 |
5 | High alloy austenitic stainless steel and duplex :- A5.4 : E316L-16 |
6 | Any steel solid or cored wire (with flux or metal) |
2X | Aluminium and its alloys |
3X | Copper and its alloys |
4X | Nickel alloys |
5X | Titanium |
6X | Zirconium |
7X | Hard Facing Overlay |
Note:- X represents any number 0 to 9
Reference: iiwindia literature and ASME Section IX
Keep reading, happy welding
Filler Metal A Number Chart
Thank you,
Welding F Numbers
KP Bhatt